Density-dependent variation in reproduction and body mass in female moose Alces alces
Sand, H., Bergström, R., Cederlund, G., Östergren, M. & Stålfelt, F. 1996: Density-dependent variation in reproduction and body mass in female moose Alces alces. - Wildl. Biol. 2: 233-245.
Female body mass and reproduction from harvested moose Alces alces were compared in four populations of moose at different stages (densities) of population development, i.e. pre-peak, peak and post-peak, in Sweden during 1961-1991. In two (1 and 2) of the four populations, age-related body mass and reproduction was significantly lower in the post-peak (intermediate density) stage than in the pre-peak stage; whereas for the other two populations (3 and 4), no differences, or higher growth and reproduction at post-peak density, were found. In one population (2) data from all three stages (densities) of population development were available. Age-specific mean body mass was 12.8% lower, and fecundity 46.0% lower (average among age classes), during the peak density stage, than during the pre-peak stage, but did not differ significantly between the peak and post-peak stages, except for fecundity in 1.5-year-old females. In the two populations showing a negative density-dependent response (1 and 2), fecundity decreased more from pre-peak to post-peak density than could be predicted from the reduction in body mass. This suggested a lower reproductive investment per unit body mass at high and intermediate densities, compared to the low density stage. Similar to age-related body growth and fecundity, the proportion of lactating and/or calf-rearing females was significantly lower at post-peak population density in populations 1 and 2 compared to pre-peak densities, but only in the youngest reproducing age class (2.5 years). It is concluded that: i) the large increase in population density has resulted in density-dependent resource limitation, which is expressed as lowered body growth and reproduction in two of the four populations studied; ii) the lower reproductive investment per unit body mass at higher densities may constitute an adaptive strategy to maximise juvenile survival as conditions deteriorate; iii) density-dependent effects in moose may occur at densities which are lower than close to the ecological carrying capacity; and iiii) the variable density-dependent pattern among populations may be due to differential harvest regimes, causing variable post-peak densities, and thus different levels of resource competition among populations.
Key words: density-dependence, reproduction, body growth, carrying capacity, Alces alces
Håkan Sand, Göran Cederlund & Marina Östergren, Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Nature Conservation, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-730 91 Riddarhyttan, Sweden
Roger Bergström & Finn Stålfelt, Swedish Hunters' Association, Box 7002, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
Received 13 June 1996, accepted 1 August 1996
Associate Editor: Bernt-Erik Sæther